TNPSC GS - Indus valley civilization in Tamil
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Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1300 BCE):
- Also known as the Harappan Civilization
- Located in the Indus Valley region (present-day Pakistan and northwestern India)
Characteristics:
- Urban civilization with advanced cities (e.g., Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa)
- Well-planned cities with drainage systems, public baths, and granaries
- Economy based on agriculture, trade, and commerce
- Writing system: Indus script (not yet fully deciphered)
- Art and Architecture: pottery, jewelry, seals, and sculptures
Achievements:
- Sophisticated irrigation systems
- Advanced metallurgy (copper, bronze, tin)
- Trade networks with Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China
- Unique system of weights and measures
Society and Religion:
- Social hierarchy: priests, merchants, artisans, laborers
- Religion: worship of Mother Goddess, Pashupati (Shiva), and animals
- Rituals: bathing, sacrifices, and ceremonies
Decline:
- Drought, climate change, and tectonic activity
- Invasion by Aryans (Indo-European speakers)
- Gradual decline and abandonment of cities
Key Discoveries:
- Mohenjo-Daro: Great Bath, Dancing Girl statue
- Harappa: Granary, Cemetery H
- Lothal: Dockyard, Seals
The Indus Valley Civilization was a remarkable achievement in human history, showcasing advanced urban planning, art, and culture.
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